什么是秘密恢复短语？

加密货币的本质是自主保管；与传统银行不同，您拥有对资产的所有权。 然而，责任亦随之而来。 保护您的私钥是一回事，但保持对钱包的访问权限是另一回事。 如今，有无数的休眠比特币钱包——所有这些钱包的所有者都无法再访问其账户。

That’s why backing up your crypto wallet is so important. Who knows what challenges your backup may face, from loss or theft to natural disasters?

那么，如何有效备份您的加密钱包呢？

Well, the answer lies with something you may be familiar with if you already have a crypto wallet: your Secret Recovery Phrase, also known as a seed phrase.

In short, it lets you restore an entire crypto wallet on a new device or interface—along with all of the accounts associated with it. But there’s a bit more to it than that. Let’s dive in:

What is a Seed Phrase?

A seed phrase, also known as a Secret Recovery Phrase (SRP) or mnemonic, is simply a collection of words that allows you to restore your entire crypto wallet. It’s those 12-24 English words that your wallet presented you with while setting it up. If you followed its instructions correctly you should have recorded these words in order somewhere.

This simple sequence is similar to a master key for your private keys. To explain, your wallet uses it to generate private keys for multiple networks and accounts. This is how you can restore the entire wallet with that single seed phrase.

现在您了解了它是什么，那它有什么用途呢？

What is a seed phrase for?

A seed phrase is simply for providing a backup of your wallet should it become unusable via theft or destruction. Perhaps your wallet got stuck in the washing machine. Or perhaps you were relying on a software wallet on a laptop that doesn’t work any longer. Alternatively, you might just want to change which wallet you use.

In these cases, a seed phrase gives you the option to restore the entire wallet on another device or interface. To explain, your crypto is not in your wallet itself, but on the blockchain. The wallet simply protects the private keys connecting you to those blockchain addresses.  As long as your recovery phrase is the same, the calculation of the private keys will always have the same result—giving you access to all of the accounts connected to that mnemonic.

设置新钱包时，通常会为您提供“设置为新钱包”或“通过恢复短语还原”的选项。 选择后者会让您填写 12-24 个助记词，以在新设备或界面上恢复整个钱包。 这意味着即使您原来的钱包提供商不再存在，您仍然可以将您的助记词输入另一个兼容的钱包以恢复您的访问权限（尽管出于安全原因您可能希望避免这种情况）。

But before we get there, let’s explore how a seed phrase works, and how it’s able to do this.

How Do Seed Phrases Work?

It’s important to note your recovery phrase doesn’t start off as a set of words. It’s actually just a translated version of a long string of numbers called the entropy. However, the entropy is so long that it’s very impractical to record. To solve this problem, Bitcoin Improvement Proposal 39 (BIP-39) introduced a standardized method to translate that long number into something more easily recorded by a human. Using this method, there are a total of 2048 English words that your seed phrase may use to translate the entropy. 

此时，您可能想知道：如果它只是冗长熵数的直译，那么何以保障秘密恢复的安全性呢？ 其实，要点在于熵的产生方式。 也就是说，熵数必须非常的长并且高度随机，否则就有可能被人猜到。 只要熵是随机选择的并且由超过 128 位组成，它就足够安全，任何人或计算机都无法将其破解。

Ledger Secret Recovery Phrases (Seed Phrases) Explained

Ledger 设备使用随机数生成器（RNG）来生成熵，以使熵数极度随机。 此外，所有 Ledger 设备都使用 24 词恢复短语，该短语可转换为 256 位熵，其长度足够长，以至于无法猜测该组合。

在 Ledger 设备上发起其生成过程如下：

1. 将您的 Ledger 设备开机。
2. Set a personal PIN code
3. 您的设备会生成一个很长的随机数，也称为：熵
4. The entropy is translated into your Secret Recovery Phrase (seed phrase) using BIP-39
5. The Secret Recovery Phrase (seed phrase) is displayed on your Trusted Display

If you ever receive a device containing a pre-completed Secret Recovery Phrase or PIN code, do not use the device! It may mean that the device is pre-owned, or possibly even tampered with. Under these circumstances, contact Ledger customer support for more information.

How Can I Keep My Seed Phrase Safe?

So, now you know that your seed phrase is a backup to all of your crypto wallet. This also means that if anyone else can get their hands on your set of 24 words, they can access your cryptocurrencies. As such, it’s extremely important to keep your seed phrase secure. So what can you do to protect it?

确保您以正确的方式将其记录

Firstly, you want to make sure you write down or record your seed phrase correctly. Any error in spelling or word order would cause a different set of addresses to be generated. To lend a hand with this, Ledger has developed a dedicated application. The Recovery Check app lets you check if the recovery phrase you wrote down matches the one protecting your device. Easy!

将其离线保存

Next, you should never store your SRP on cloud-based services. If the server is hacked, your seed phrase—and therefore your wallet—could become compromised. Similarly, you should never transact while using software wallets on devices using shared wifi networks. You wouldn’t want to share your seed phrase with everyone on the airport wifi, would you? Well, keeping a copy of your seed phrase on an internet-connected device is asking for exactly that. 

Recording your seed phrase on something physical— be that a hardware wallet or a piece of paper—is a much better option.

At this point, it’s important to mention that you should never restore your hardware wallet’s seed phrase into a software wallet. To explain, the entire point of a hardware wallet is that it generates your seed phrase completely offline. This means not even the most sophisticated digital spyware could see those words. If you enter that same secure recovery phrase into a wallet that doesn’t have those same qualities, you risk exposing it. In short, if you import your hardware wallet into a software wallet, your secret recovery phrase might be vulnerable to online threats.

将其存放在远离小偷、事故和自然灾害的地方

To follow, you should also bear in mind where you store your SRP physically. If someone steals your SRP sheet, they can easily access your wallet. Thus, no one should know your secret hiding place—not your mom, not your wife, and certainly not your housemates. In the cases where you have no safe place to store your seed phrase, you may be interested in Ledger Recover. The paid optional service allows users to back up their seed phrases by fragmenting and distributing them to custodians. In short, this removes the burden of protecting your seed phrase at home.

Then, of course, sometimes losing your seed phrase is more of an accident. For example, what happens if your house burns down and your seed phrase is stored on a piece of paper inside it? To protect against these types of disasters, a great option is the BillFODL. This type of physical storage is very resistant to potential damage—and sleek at the same time.

Never Share Your Seed Phrase With Anyone

And of course, the final piece of advice is never to share your 24-word recovery phrase with anyone – not even with Ledger. We will never ask for it, nor should anyone else. Remember: you are the final barrier to your assets. Don’t let your guard down, as bad actors will try to socially engineer you into revealing your seed phrase. Not your keys, not your coins: if someone has access to your SRP they have all of your keys.

Your Seed Phrase: A Necessary Wallet Backup Tool

So, now you know all about seed phrases; from what they are to how they work, to how to protect yours effectively. But that’s not the end of your security journey. The ultimate guardian of your Secret Recovery Phrase is you.

Luckily, the Ledger ecosystem offers plenty of options to keep your seed phrase safe. Whether you want to check you’ve recorded the correct mnemonic, find a more permanent storage solution, or even use Ledger Recover, Ledger offers an option that works for you—without losing custody of your assets.

因为如果没有自主保管权的话，何谈加密货币呢？